ABSTRACT Forest soils are N2O sources and commonly act as CH4 sinks. This study evaluated the dynamics of the CH4 and N2O fluxes of soils under Eucalyptus plantations and native Cerrado vegetation, as well as possible interactions between environmental factors and fluxes. The study was carried out in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, during 26 months, in three areas: in two stands of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis, planted in 2011 (E1), and in 2009 (E2) and native Cerrado vegetation (CE). Measurements to determine the fluxes in a closed static chamber were carried out from Oct 2013 to Nov 2015. Soil and climate factors were monitored. During the study period, the mean CH4 fluxes were –22.48, –8.38 and –1.31 μg CH4 m–2 h–1 and the mean N2O fluxes 5.45, 4.85 and 3.85 μg N2O m–2 h–1 from E1, E2 and CE, respectively. Seasonality affected plantations in the studied sites. Cumulative CH4 influxes were calculated (year-1: –1.86 to -0.63 kg ha–1 yr–1; year-2: –1.85 to –1.34 kg ha–1 yr–1). Cumulative N2O fluxes in the three sites were ≤ 0.85 kg ha–1 yr–1. The change in land use from Cerrado to Eucalyptus plantations did not significantly changed regarding greenhouse gases (GHG), compared to the native vegetation. Flux rates of both gases (N2O and CH4) were low. Temporal variations in GHG fluxes and different ages of the stands did not cause significant differences in cumulative annual fluxes.

ABSTRACT Changes in carbon stocks in different compartments of soil organic matter of a clayey Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Typic Haplustox), caused by the substitution of native savanna vegetation (cerrado sensu stricto) by agroecosystems, were assessed after 31 years of cultivation. Under native vegetation, a stock of 164.5 Mg ha-1 C was estimated in the 0.00-1.00 m layer. After 31 years of cultivation, these changes in soil C stocks were detected to a depth of 0.60 m. In the case of substitution of cerrado sensu stricto by no-tillage soybean-corn rotation, a reduction of at least 11 % of the soil C pools was observed. However, the adoption of no-tillage as an alternative to tillage with a moldboard plow (conventional system) reduced CO2 emissions by up to 12 %.

Em um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, na Embrapa Cerrados, em Planaltina, Distrito Federal, foram selecionadas uma área com vegetação de Cerrado (CE) e seis parcelas de um experimento de longa duração (20 anos): arado de discos pré-plantio (ADPP); arado de discos pós-colheita (ADPC); plantio direto a partir do segundo ano em área preparada com arado de discos em 1979, primeiro ano de cultivo (PDAD); arado de aivecas pré-plantio (AVPP); arado de aivecas pós-colheita (AVPC); e plantio direto a partir do segundo ano em área preparada com arado de aivecas em 1979, primeiro ano de cultivo (PDAV). Foram estimados o carbono da biomassa microbiana e o carbono orgânico do solo (Csolo) em cinco profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm; e em cinco épocas do ano: na época da colheita da soja (abril/2000); no final do período chuvoso, após aração pós-colheita da soja (maio/2000); no período seco, sem nenhuma cultura no campo (agosto/2000); no início do período chuvoso, no plantio do milho (novembro/2000); e na floração da cultura do milho (fevereiro/2001). Considerando todo o período de estudo, os teores de C da biomassa microbiana (Cmic) e de Csolo foram menores nas camadas mais profundas em todos os sistemas de manejo e no Cerrado. No solo sob sistema plantio direto, os teores de Cmic e Csolo decresceram das camadas mais superficiais para as mais profundas e de forma mais acentuada que no solo sob sistemas convencionais. No CE, a biomassa microbiana constituiu-se em maior percentagem do carbono orgânico total do solo, em comparação aos sistemas cultivados, que não apresentaram diferenças entre si.

Microbial biomass carbon and organic carbon were measured in a long-term field experiment (20 years) in Planaltina, DF, Brazil, under corn-soybean crop rotation. Six management systems were selected: disk plow before planting (ADPP); disk plow after harvesting (ADPC), no-till after disk plowing in the first year (PDAD); moldboard plow before planting (AVPP); moldboard plow after harvesting (AVPC), no-till after moldboard plowing in the first year (PDAV) and an undisturbed area of Savanna type vegetation, Cerrado (CE) as a reference. Soil samples were collected five times a year: 1- April, at soybean harvesting; 2- May, after soybean harvesting; 3- August, in the dry season with no crop on the field; 4- November, in the beginning rainfall season, at corn planting; 5- February, at corn tasseling. The samples were taken from five depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm of a clayey Red Latosol (Oxisol). Considering the whole study period, soil microbial carbon (Cmic) and soil organic carbon (Csoil) concentration were lower as soil profile depth increased for all management systems as well as in the Cerrado. Cmic and Csoil decreases under no-till system from superficial layers to the deeper ones were more pronounced than in the conventional systems. In the Cerrado, the microbial biomass represented a higher percentage of the total soil organic carbon in comparison to the management systems; there was no difference between conventional and no-till systems.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e testar um minipenetrômetro dinâmico para a determinação da resistência do solo à penetração, em amostras indeformadas. Foram construídas quatro peças de diferentes massas, para a mensuração da resistência à penetração em solos com conteúdos variáveis de água. Para o teste, foram utilizadas amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho, sob sistemas de plantio convencional e direto. Avaliaram-se o índice de cone, a densidade do solo e os conteúdos gravimétrico e volumétrico de água do solo. O equipamento avaliado é confiável, preciso, de baixo custo e tem potencial para promover mais estudos sobre intervalo hídrico ótimo do solo.

The objective of this study was to describe and to test a dynamic minipenetrometer for measuring soil mechanical resistance in undisturbed soil samples. Four pieces with different weight were constructed for impact analysis of soil with diverse water content. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from an Oxisol (Rhodic Haplustox) under conventional and no-tillage systems. Cone index, soil density, gravimetric and volumetric water content were evaluated. The equipment is reliable, accurate, obtainable at a low cost, besides having potential to promote more studies on the determination of soil least limiting water range.

A biomassa microbiana é um componente vivo da matéria orgânica sensível às mudanças causadas pelos diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, foi realizado um experimento de longa duração na área experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, Distrito Federal. Foram estudados oito sistemas de manejo do solo, formados pelo uso de diferentes implementos agrícolas e épocas de incorporação de restos culturais. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em cinco profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, com três repetições, em três épocas: antes do plantio do milho, 30 dias após a emergência e na floração da cultura. Os tratamentos sob plantio direto apresentaram diferenças nos teores de C e N da biomassa microbiana (Cmic e Nmic): enquanto um tratamento sob plantio direto, que utilizou arado de aivecas (PDAV) no primeiro ano de cultivo, superou nos teores de Cmic um outro que utilizou o arado de discos, também no primeiro ano (PDAD), o oposto ocorreu para o conteúdo de Nmic. Isso indica que o efeito desses implementos nas propriedades do solo persistiu mesmo após 22 anos sob plantio direto. Das propriedades do solo analisadas, de maneira geral, as maiores diferenças entre os sistemas sob plantio direto e sob cultivo mínimo (escarificador) e aqueles com maior perturbação do solo (arado de discos e de aivecas) foram verificadas antes do plantio, ou seja, antes do revolvimento e da adubação do solo para estabelecimento da cultura.

The microbial biomass is a living component of the organic matter responsive to changes caused by different soil management systems. The objective of this long-term study was to determine microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in response to different management systems in a clayey Red Latosol cultivated with corn in the Cerrado. The field experiment was conducted on an experimental area of Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, in the Federal District. Eight soil management systems with different implements and periods of crop residue incorporation were compared. Soil samples were collected from five layers: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm, with three replicates and in three sampling periods: before corn planting, 30 days after germination and at corn flowering. Treatments under no-till differed from each other regarding the microbial biomass Cmic and Nmic contents: while in one no-till treatment the soil cultivated by moldboard plow in the first year (PDAV) had a higher Cmic content, in the other no-till treatment the soil cultivated by disk plow in the first year (PDAD) had a higher Nmic content. This indicates that the effects in the soil profile caused by disk and moldboard plowing are still measurable, even after 22 years under no-till. In general, the greatest differences between no-till (PDAD and PDAV) or minimum tillage (chisel plow), and those with greater soil disturbance (disk and moldboard plow) were observed before planting, that is, before soil plowing and fertilization for the crop.